Brexit · the data

Ten years on: how Britain's economy compares with Europe's biggest

Real GDP · normalised

Output since the referendum, with 2016 set to 100

Real (inflation-adjusted) GDP, indexed so every economy starts at 100 in 2016. Higher means more cumulative growth. Annual to 2025, plus a provisional first-quarter 2026 reading.

Show the numbers (index, 2016 = 100)

Sources: ONS (UK); Eurostat nama_10_gdp (Germany, France, Italy). Index built by chaining annual real-GDP growth rates from 2016. The Q1 2026 point applies each economy's first-quarter 2026 quarter-on-quarter growth (UK +0.6%, Germany +0.3%, Italy +0.3%, France -0.1%; OECD / ONS / Eurostat, June 2026) to its 2025 level, so it's provisional and slightly understates the level because it omits late-2025 carry-over. 2025 figures are also provisional. Pandemic-era cross-country comparisons are imprecise, partly because the UK measured public-sector output differently in 2020-21.